vlaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk tpkvdkuf? tNyKHvdkuf owfjzwfcJhaom 'Tiananmen Square Massacre? wD&meefAefp&D;,m; ESpfq,fhESpfBudrfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfaeYudk 2011? ZGefv 4 &ufaeYu usif;ycJhygonf/ 1989 ckESpf ajcmufywfMum vGwfvyfpGmawG; ac:vkyfaqmifEdkifa&; twGuf w½kwfausmif;ol^om;rsm; Nidrf;csrf;pGmvrf;avQmufqE´jyaeMuaom ausmif;ol^ ausmif;om; rsm;tm; tpdk;&vufeufudkifrsm;u ypfowfcJhaomaMumifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGm touf qHk;½IH;cJh&MuNyD; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm xdcdkuf'Pf&m&&SdcJhMuygonf/ Pennsylvania wuúodkvfü ynmqnf;zl;aeaom Exchange ausmif;om;a[mif;,kpDonf ayusif;NrdKUü &ufpufpGm owfjzwfjcif;udk wDAGDzefom;ü MunfhjzpfcJhonf/ Tiananmen puGD;,m;ü tpkvdkuftjyHKvkduf owfjzwfrIu uREkfyftm; EkdifiHa&;odyÜHtwwfESifh c&pf,mefwpfa,mufjzpfapzkdY ar;cGef;wpfck jzpfaeNyD[k ajymMum;cJhygonf/

]]xdkolu Tiananmen ü tpkvkduftNyHKvdkuf vlowfjzwfrIu vlom;onf tjypfom;jzpfí xkdolwdkYtoufwmü c&pfawmfocifudk vdktyfaeNyD[laom todudk wpfyg;olwkdYtm; odapcJhonf/ ¤if;onf w½kwfEdkifiHom;wdkYtm; rdrdwdkYpdwfESvHk;om;udk jyifqif&efenf;vrf;udk bk&m;ociftoHk;jyKaeonf[k uREkfyfxifygonf/}} (World Magazine, June 6, 2009, p. 38).

]]vlwdkif;twGufa,½I&Sif}} [laom "r®oDcsif;wpfydk'fudk oDqdkonf/

vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif&Sif
vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif
      (1810-1883? ar&D'D*sdrf;oDuHk;aom vlwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif)/

World Magazine r*¾Zif;ajymMum;onfrSm?

vGefcJhaom ESpf 20 tawmtwGif; w½kwfEdkifiHwGif c&pf,mefbmom wdk;wufvmEIef;onf jrefqefaeygonf/ uRrf;usifolrsm;u ajymMum;&mwGif NrdKUjyvlrsm;pGmwkdYESifh tawG;tac:jrifhrm;aom todynm&Sifrsm;onf c&pfawmfudk zufwG,faeMuNyD/ OMF EdkifiHwum(jynfwGif;omoemjyK)tzGJUu cefYrSef;oef;(70) avmuf w½kwfEdkifiHwGif c&pf,mefrsm;&Sdrnf[kqdkonf/ xkdtzGUJtpnf;u 1949 ckESpfü Protestant c&pf,mefrsm;w½kwfEdkifiHwGif (1)oef;eD;yg;&Sdvdrhfrnf[k ajymMu onf/ (uGefjrLepfygwDtkyfpdk;pOfu) (ibid.)

pm&if;tif;yg&*l? a'gufwm auuefu ,cktcsdefwGif wpfem&DvQif vlaygif; 700 avmuf w½kwfEdkifiHwGif c&pf,mefbmomodkY ajymif;vJaeonf[k cefYrSef;ygonf/ w&ufrSm 24em&D&Sdw,f/ ]]tm;vHk;twGufa,½I&Sif}}[laom "r®oDcsif;udk aemufwpfcgoDqdkonf/

vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif
vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif

w½kwfEdkifiHc&pf,mefordkif;udk ae&mwumü &Sdaomc&pf,mef,HkMunfolrsm;vnf; pdwf0if wpm;&Sdoifhygonf/ 1782-1834 ckESpfwGif acwfrDaom omoemjyKvkyfief;udk a&mbwfarm&Du pwifcJhygonf/ 1807-ckESpfwGif arm&Dqefudk vef'efomoemjyKtoif;pkrS w½kwfEdkifiHodkY omoem apvTwfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ 1821 ckESpfwGif ol\vkyfazmfudkifzuf 0DvQHrDvfeDu w½kwfbmom pum;jzifh usrf;pmbmomjyefxkwfa0&ef ulnDcJhygonf/ olYtoufwmudk w½kwfEddkifiHü (27)ESpfwdkif ESpfjr§yfcJhaomtcg tenf;i,faomolwkdYom ESpfjcif;cH,lMuygonf/ xdkolwkdYtxJu tcsKdUolwkdYonf opöm&Sd&Sd ,aeYwdkif&SdaeMuao;ygonf/ arm&dqefonf or®musrf;pmudk bmomjyefqdkay;onf/ {0Ha*vdowif;aumif; pmtkyfpmayrsm; xkwfa0cJhonf/ Evangelical Christian tajccH tkwfjrpfudk w½kwfEdkifiHwGif pdkufxlEdkifcJholjzpfygonf/

1853 ckESpfwGif aq;q&m0ef? [efqefawvonf oabFmjzifh w½kwfEdkifiHodkY a&muf&Sd vmonf/ 1860 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;c&pf,mefomoemudk wnfaxmifcJhNyD; EdkifiHwum c&pf,mef rdwfo[m&udkvnf; pwifwnfaxmifcJhygonf/ awvm\ BudK;pm;vkyfaqmifrIonf jynfwGif; wpfavQmufvHk; ysHUESHYoGm;cJhygonf/ 1805ckESpfwGif [efqefawvmonf csmefcsNrdKUü uG,fvGefoGm;cJh ygonf/

1901 ckESpfwGif *Refqkef;arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf w½kwfEdkifiHwGif c&pf,mefordkif;ü ausmfMum;aom “{0Ha*vdq&mwpfyg; jzpfcJhygonf/ 1949 ckESpf uGefjrLepfygwDtkyfpdk;aom umvonfhwdkif xdkq&mtm;jzifh {0Ha*vdowif;aumif; a[mMum;í ajymif;vJolrsm; opöm&Sd&Sd ouf&Sdxif&Sm;cJhygonf/ acwfopf c&pf,mefordkif;ü vGefcJhaom ESpf(60)avmufuwnf;u w½kwf EdkifiHwGif c&pf,mefbmomodkY vsifjrefpGmajymif;vJwdk;yGm;vsuf&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ 'DuaeYreuf rSwfavmufom;avmufaom a'gufwm*Refqkef;\ b0ordkif;udk oifwdkYtm; ajymjy oufaocH ygrnf/ a'gufwmtvf*siftufpfarm&m? wifjypkpnf;xm;aom xdkq&m\ b0ordkif; taMumif;ESifh pwifygrnf/

1901-1944 ckESpfMum; touf&SifcJhaom jynfwGif;emrnfausmf {0Ha*vdq&m *Refqkef;udk w½kwfEdkifiH [def;[m;zluD,mü rufo'pfoif;tkyfq&mrS arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ (olonf touf (9)eSpft&G,fwGif vGJrSm;pGmtoufwmajymif;vJoljzpfonf)/ xdkolonf xufjrwfaom ausmif;om; wpfOD;jzpfonf/ olonf a0pvD,Hwuúodkvfü¤if;? tdk[dkuftdkwuúodkvfwGif¤if;? Union Theological Seminary wGif¤if; ynmawmfudk oifMum;cJholjzpfonf/ olonf "gwkaA'qdkif&m Ph.D bGJUudk &,lcJholjzpfonf/ olonf w&kwfEdkifiHudkjyefvmNyD; odyÜHynmudk oifMum;ay;rnfhtpm; {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;udk oufaocHa0iScJholjzpfonf/ olonf MoZmwefcdk;&Sd&Sd {0Ha*vd owif;aumif;udk w½kwfEdkifiHwpfavQmuf (15)ESpfwdkifwkdif oufaocHa0iScJholjzpfonf/

]]tm;vHk;twGufa,½I&Sif}}[laom "r®oDcsif;udk aemufwpfcgoDqdkonf/

vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif
vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif

xdkkt&mrsm;onf *Refqkef;\b0wpfoufwm tusOf;csKH;rQomjzpfonf/ olYb0 tao; pdwfudk avhvmMuygpdkY/ olonf touf(9)ESpft&G,fwGif topfaomtoufwmü ajymif;vJol jzpfrnf[krxifyg/ olonf (1927)ck azaz:0g&Dv touf(26)ESpft&G,fwGif topfaom toufwmü ajymif;vJoljzpfrnf[k rxifyg/

oludk,fwdkif 0efcHajymMum;onfrSm tar&duefEdkifiHü 0dnmOfa&;&mtMuyftwnf; umvESpfrsm;pGmtxd toufwmrajymif;vJao;[k 0efcHajymMum;cJhygonf/ olYtouf (9)ESpft&G,f wGif [def;[GmNrdKUü 0dnmOfEdk;xrI &SdcJhygonf/ xdktoufwmtwGif;ü vlaygif;(3000)axmifavmuf ,HkMunfjcif;toufwm jrnf;prf;ol&SdcJhygonf/ wpfaeYaomtcg xdkolonf Good Friday reufcif;qkawmif;tpDtpOfü ]]a,½Ia*oa&SrefO,smOfwGif}} [laom w&m;a'oemudk Mum;emcJhonf/ w&m;a[mq&mBuD;u ‘]]wynfhawmfrsm; qkawmif;raeyJ tdyfaysmf aeMujcif;ESifh aMumuf&GHUjcif;uif;aom a,½ItaMumif;udk,SOfNyD; w&m;a[mMum;cJhonf/ w&m;a'oemed*Hk;csKyfaomtcg tcsKdUaom,HkMunfolrsm; idkaMuG;cJhMuonf/ xdkodkY idkaMuG;aeaom olwkdYtxJwGif (9)ESpfom;t&G,f rufo'pfoif;tkyfq&m\om; *Refqkef;vnf; yg0ifcJhygonf/ olonf xdktcsdefwGif ppfrSefpGmtoufwmrajymif;vJaomfvnf; rdrd\toufwmudk c&pfawmf ocifxH ]]qufuyftyfESH}} rnf[k xifygonf/ uREkfyf\vufOD;q&m a'gufwm wdarmaovif; (oif;tkyfq&mtm;) uJhokdjzpfrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/ *Refqkef;onf touf(13) ESpft&G,fwGif zcifBuD;\ {0Ha*vdvkyfief;wGif yg0ifulnDí {0Ha*vdw&m; pwifa[mMum;cJholjzpfonf/ a'gufwmvif;onf ppfrSefpGmrajymif;vJcifuuJhodkY jzpfonf/ *Refqkef;onf pmBudK;kpm;aomaMumifh txufwef;pmar;yGJudk &rSwftjrifhqHk;jzifh atmifjrifol jzpfonf/ þtcsdefwGif olonf ]]w&m;a[mq&mav;}} [lí vlod&SifMum; xif&Sm;aeavNyD/ ZGJvHkYv0d&d,&Sd&Sd BudK;pm;vkyfaqmif apaomfvnf; olYESvHk;om;onf rjynhfpHkao;ay/

1919 ckESpf? touf 18eSpft&G,fwGif *Refqkef;onf tar&dum;odkY ynmawmfoif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhojzifh tdk[dkif;tdk0DpvDwuúodkvfü ynmoifawmfoifcGifh tcrJhjzifh wufa&muf oifMum;cJhol jzpfygonf/ olonf aq;ynm&yfESifh usrf;pmqdkif&m "r®ynm&yfudk a&G;cs,fcJh&mwGif "r®ynm&yfukd csefxm;í ocsFmqdkif&mbmom&yfESifh "gwkaA'qdkif&m ynm&yfudk txl;jyK bmomtjzpf avhvmoif,lcJholjzpfygonf/ olonf bk&m;ausmif;odkY yHkrSefoGm;avh &SdNyD; {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;toif;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ odkYaomf ol\ynma&; aemufqHk;pmar;yGJtwGuf or®musrf;pmudk zwf½IavhvmrI r&Sdawmhojzifh olYudk aemufqHk;pmar;yGJu vSnfhjzm;aeawmhonf/ olonf (1923)ckESpfwGif bGJU&&SdcJhygonf/ Cum Laude jzpfonf/ Cum Laude onf ausmif;om; oHk;&mxJrS twef;acgif;aqmif av;a,mufxJu wpfa,mufjzpfonf/ olonf "gwkaA'bmom&yfESifh ½lyaA'bmom&yfü qkwHqdyfESifh qkaMu;rsm;pGm &&Sdoljzpfonf/ olonf the Phi Beta Kappa wuúodkvfrsm; a,musm;toif;? ynm&Siftoif;tzGJU\ tzGJUaqmifae&mtwGuf a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ a&TaomhwHqdyfqk? *kPfxl;aqmifynmawmfoifqk tyfESif;cH&aomolvnf; jzpfygonf/

ollonf [m;Aufwuúodkvftygt0if rsm;pGmaomwuúodkvfrsm;twGuf ynmoifp&dwf vSL'gef;cJholjzpfonf/ tdk[dkiftdkjynfe,f wuúodkvfü r[modyÜHbGJUtwGuf ynmoif axmufyHhaMu; &&Sdoljzpfonf/ olonf ¤if;bGJUvGeftwGuf (9)vom tcsdef MumcJhonf/ olonf [m;Aufwuúodkvfü aq;ynmoifMum;&ef ynmoifaxmufyHhaMu;udk vSL'gef;cJh ygonf/ olonf "r®usrf;pmawmfoifMum;a&;twGuf ynmoifaxmufyHhaMu;udkvnf; vSL'gef; cJhygao;onf/ olonf "r®aA'udk oif,lrnfhtpm; ausmfapmwdwdkkjzpfvkdrIudk ol\ c&pf,meftrIawmf jzpfvdkaom qE´udk wHk;apcJhNyD; trIawmfaqmifwpfOD; jzpfvmrnfhtpm; tdk[dkiftdkjynfe,f wuúodkvfü "gwkaA'qdkif&m a'gufwmbGJUudkom avhvmqnf;yl;cJhygonf/ olonf Ph.D ? a'gufwmbGJUudk &&SdcJhygonf/ olonf ESpfq,fhwpfvtMumwGif tar&duefEdkifiHü Ph.D ? a'gufwmbGJUudk qGwfcl;aom w½lwfEdkifiHom;wpfOD; jzpfvmcJhygonf/ olonf owif;pm xJü tdk[dkiftdkwuúodkvfrS tausmfMum;qHk;aom yk*¾dKvftjzpf azmfjyjcif;cH&onf/ odkYaomf ESvHk;om;twGif;qHk;ae&mwGif Nidrfoufjcif;r&Sday/ 0dnmOfem;cdk&m uif;rJhí touf&SifcJh aomaMumifh pdwfzdpD;rIESifhom umv&SnfMumtouf&SifcJh&onf/ (Lyall, ibid., p. 22) ?

þtcsdefwGifolonf tawG;tac:”"r®aA'ESifh olwkdY\oGefoifjcif;jzpfaom ‘]]vlrIa&; {0Ha*vd}} \ vTrf;rdk;rIatmuf a&muf&SdoGm;ygNyD/ tawG;tac:"r®aA'ynm&Sifrsm;u ]]a,½Ionfjrifhjrwfaomolr[kwf? u,fwif&Sifvnf;r[kwf[lí oGefoifcJhMu\/ olonf touf(9)ESpft&G,fwGif a,½Ibk&m;onf jrifhjrwfaomoljzpfonf[k cH,lloljzpfí þtcsdefwGif xdktawG;tac:rsm;u olYtm; ]]vGJrSm;aomajymif;vJol}} jzpfapcJhNyD;/ odkYygaomfvnf; bk&m;&Sifu olYtm; ac:aeNrJac:qJjzpfonf/ ]]vlonf þpBuFm0|mudk t<uif;rJhtpdk;&í rdrdtouf 0dnmOf ½IH;vQif tb,faus;Zl;&Sdoenf;/ [laombk&m;&Sif\toHudk wpfudk,fxJ xdkifaepOf Mum;&rnf xifyg\/

aemufwpfaeYwGif Liberal rufo'pfusrf;wwfyk*¾dKvfESifh pum;ajymjzpfcJhMuygonf/ olonf tar&dum;ü "r®aA'ynm&yfudk oifMum;zdkY&ef vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k ajymMum;cJh\/ xdkynm&Sifu e,l;a,mufNrdKUawmf Union Theological Seminary üလbmoma&;avhvm qnf;yl;&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf/ olonf cPwjzKwf xdkausmif;odkYoGm;zdkY&ef wHk;qdkifcJhonf/ xdk "r®ausmif;awmfwGif ynmoifp&dwf tjynfht0axmufyHhay;NyD; toHk;p&dwfyg vHkvHkavmufavmuf ay;cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif olonf omoemjyKoGm;&ef pdwfr0ifpm;awmhyJ olYtaztm; pdwfauseyfapzkdYtwGuf wpfESpfavmuf"r®ynmudk oifMum;vdkcJhonf/ NyD;aemuf ol\odyÜH twwfarG;0rf;ausmif;jzifh toufarG;cJh&onf/ ol\pdwfESvHk;onf ½IyfaxG;NyD; rnf;arSmif aeayNyD/

1926 ckESpf aqmif;OD;&moDwGif *Refqkef;onf Union Theological Seminary ü "r®ynmudk avhvmqnf;zl;cJhygonf/ tpGef;a&muftawG;ac:orm; a'gufwm[ife&DqvGef; aumhzifonf xdkausmif;wGif tvSnfhusausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; jzpfygonf/ a'gufwm[efe&Dtrm qifazgh'pfonfvnf; A[dktrmcHtzGJU0ifjzpfNyD; ‘]]The Modern use of the Bible‘}} ESifh The Manhood of the Master [laom Fundamentalism u udkqefYusifaompmtkyfrsm;pGm ta&;om;aom pma&;q&mvnf;jzpfonf/ xifay:ausmfMum;aom Fosdick \ ydkYcscsufrSm Fundamentalist wdkYu atmifjriftEdkif,lrSmvm;? (1922) [lí ydkYcscJhonf/ xdkolu c&pfawmfbk&m; udk,fcE¨mawmftm;jzifh xajrmufjcif;udkqefYusifNyD; or®musrf;pmonf NyD;jynfhpkHaom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ qdkaomtcsufudk qefYusifw&m;udk a&'D,dkü toHvGifholjzpfonf/ xkdausmif; awmfBuD;onf {0Ha*vdqdkif&m "r®jiif;y,faomausmif;ESifh or®musrf;pmudk a0zefaom ausmif;awmf jzpfygonf/ or®musrf;pmüyg0ifaom taMumif;t&mrsm; onf odyÜHenf;vrf;t& prf;oyfí r&ojzifh ,HkMunf&efvHkavmufrIr&Sd r,HkMunfapEdkif[l\/ urÇmOD;usrf;onfvnf; ordkif;taxmuf txm;r&Sd? odyÜHenf;t& taxmuftxm;r&Sd[l\/ a,½Ibk&m;onfvnf; pdwful;,Of qefqef omjzpfNyD;NyD; oltaocHjcif;? cE¨mukd,ftm;jzifh aojcif;rS&Sifjyef xajrmufjcif; onfudkvnf; jiif;y,fxm;Muonf/ qkawmif;jcif;vnf; tcsdefudk tvm[o jzKef;wD;jcif; omjzpfonf/ xkduJhodkY tjrifonf oem;p&m? &,farmp&myifjzpfonf/ (Lyall, ibid ., pp. 29-30).

a'gufwmqkef;onf Liberal Theology bmom&yftoD;oD;udk pdwf0ifwpm; avhvmoif,l cJhygonf/ oifMum;aombmom&yfü tqifhjrihfatmifjrifaomfvnf; olonf c&pf,mefbmom pifppfrS Ak'¨omoemawmiftDZrf (Taoism) odkY OD;vSnfhoGm;NyD;jzpfonf/ olonf pwifí Ak'¨bmom*gxmudkom rdrd\tcef;xJü &Gwfqdkawmhonf/ rdrdukdrdrdrkef;wD;jcif;u Nidrfoufjcif; jzpfay:aponf[k cH,lavNyD/ ola&;xm;onfrSm ]]igh0dnmOfonf oJuEÅm&xJü oGm;vmae onf}}[lí a&;om;xm;onf/

ol\ pdwftxifrSm ? ol\twef;azmfw½kwftrsKd;om;u olvufxyf&efuwdjyKxm;aom w½kwfEdkifiHolESifh tquftoG,fjywfawmufay;rnfudk pdk;&drfaeonf/ ol\toufwmonfvnf; onf;cHpdwf&Snfjcif; r&SdawmhNyD/ ola&;om;xm;onfrSm ]]uREkfyfonf pm;r0if tdyfraysmfawmhyg? uREkfyf\pdwfcHpm;csufüvnf; aysmf&Tifjcif;[lí r&SdNyD/}} [k a&;om;cJhygonf/ xdkausmif;awmf ½kH;0efxrf;rsm;u xdkol\ pdwfndK;i,fjcif;taMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhMuonf/

The Fundamentalist yxrESpfjcif;toif;awmf oif;tkyfq&m a'gufwmtdkif.trf. Haldeman \ w&m;a'oemawmfudkem;axmif&ef e,l;a,ufNrdKUokdY olYtaygif;tazmfrsm;ESifh w&m;a'oemem;axmif&ef oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ a'gufwm[wf'refonf ]]tysKdunmrS arG;zGm;jcif;udk jiif;y,fygu c&pf,mefbmomudk jiif;y,fjcif;jzpfonf/}}[lí ajymMum;ausmfMum;aom q&mwpfyg; jzpfonf/ a'gufwm[wf'refonf [efeD{rmqefESifh Union Theological Seminary udk qefYusifaomq&mwpfyg;jzpfonf/ *Refqkef;onfvnf; xdkq&ma[mMum;aom w&m;a'oemudk em;axmifvdkpdwf jyif;jyvQuf&Sdonf/ odkYaomf xdkaeYnwGif a'gufwm[wf'refu xdka'oemudk ra[mjzpfcJhaomfvnf; trsKd;orD; 15 ESpfcefY t&G,fwpfOD;u olYtm; oufaocHa0iSay;cJhygonf/ xdktrsKd;orD;i,fu or®musrf;pmudk zwfMum;ay;NyD; c&pfawmfonf vlom;tm;vHk;wkdY\ tjzpftzdk;tctwGuf um;wdkifay: taocHcJhonfudk &Sif;jyay;cJhonf/ *Refqkef;uvnf; bk&m;ocif onf uREkfyfESifhtwl&Sdaeonf[k jyefajymMum;vmcJhonf/ ‘"r®usrf;pmausmif;rS taygif;taz: zaumhrfESifh naeydkif;{0Ha*vdw&m; a[myGJodkY qufwkdufqdkovdk oGm;a&mufem;axmifcJhygonf/

]]vlwdkif;twGufa,½I&Sif}}[laom "r®oDcsif;udk aemufwpfcgoDqdkonf/

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vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif

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1927 ckESpf? azaz:0g&DvwGif olonf ppfrSefpGmajymif;vJoljzpfaecJhNyD/ olYb0toufwm xJu rdrd\tjypfrsm;udk odjrifcJhygNyD/ yxrtqifhtaeESifh rdrdtjypf&SdrSef;odonfhwdkif rnfuJhodkY ajz&Sif;&efrodem;rvnfyJ i&JodkYusayrnf[k odvmonf/ olYtjypftm;vHk;udk arhypfcsifaeonf/ odkYaomf bmrSrwwfEdkifyg/ olonf a,½I\vuf0g;um;ESifh ygwfoufaom or®musrf;pm &Sifvkum 23udk avhvmcJh\/ taoG;awmftm;jzihfom tjypfudkaq;aMumEdkifaMumif; olYudk olYudk,fwdkif ajc&if;ü a&muf&Sdaeovdk cHpm;NyD; idka<u;&if;xdkaeYn oef;acgiftcsdefwGif qkawmif;um c&pfawmfESifhtwl &ifqdkifawGUcJhygonf/ ]]ighom;}} oifhtjypfcGifhvTwfjcif; &ygNyD/ oifhtjypfudk a,½I,lwifaqmif,lNyD;jzpfonf[laom toHawmfudk Mum;aernfxifygonf/ olonfvnf; ]][mavvk,m}} [lí atmufvQufajcvSrf; jrefjrefvSrf;aeayrnf/ (Lyall.ibid PP 33-34) olonf atmufvQufbk&m;*kPfawmfcsD;rGrf;um tcef;us,fxJu xGufvmcJhayrnf/ þtcsdefwGif olonf olYtwef;azmfrsm;? oifq&mrsm;wkdYtm; oifwkdYonf c&pfawmf\ u,fwifjcif;w&m; vdktyfonf [lí ajyma[mawmhav\/ ]]vlwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif}} [laom "r®oDcsif;udk xyfrHí oDqdkonf/

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vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif

ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;uvnf; þvlonf todOmPfuif;rJhaomol pdwfa&m*g&Sdaomol jzpfí pdwåZaq;½kHodkY ydkY&rnf[k awG;awmxifcJh\/ xkdpdwåZaq;½kHü ajcmufvMumaeoGm;cJh&\/ xdktawmtwGif; olonf or®musrf;pmudk tprStqHk; tBudrf(40)wdkif zwfMum;cJhNyD; jzpfaeygonf/ ]]pdwåZaq;½kHonf *Refqkef;twGuf wu,frSefuefaom or®musrf;pmausmif; jzpfaecJhonf/}} (Lyall, p. 38) aemufpdwåZaq;½kHrS qif;aomtcg w½kwfEdkifiHodkY jyefvmcJhygonf/ olonf Union Seminary ESifh tquftoG,fjzwfvkduf\/ ]]ewfqdk;rsm; pmtkyf}}[kac:aom ¤if;ausmif;u pmtkyfrsm;udk rD;½dIUzsufqD;vdkufonf/ Union Seminary onf w½kwfEdkifiH{0Ha*vdowif;aumif; Edk;Mum;rIordkif;ESifh b,fawmhrS qufpyfrI r&Sdawmhay/

oabFmjzifh rdrdwdkif;jynfudk tjyefc&D;ü oltrSefwu,f&vdkufaom &mxl;onf w½kwf trsKd;om; wuúodkvfrS "gwkaA'qdkif&m ygarmu©wmjzpfonfudk odvdkuf&\/ oabFmjzifh c&D;&GufvGifhaomtcg *Refqkef;onf rdrdtdrfcef;odkYoGm;NyD; aowåmBuD;udkzGifhum &,lxm;cJhaom 'DyvdkrmvufrSwfrsm; aq;ausmif;atmifvufrSwfrsm; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udkyif vufxJodkY ypfcsvdkufawmh\/ a'gufwmvufrSwfudkrl zciftm; auseyfapzdkY ,laqmifvmcJhonf/ (Lyall, p. 40).

1927? aEGaESmif;&moDwGif *Refqkef;onf oabFmjzifh csef[dkif;NrdKUudk a&muf&Sdvmygonf/ olonf w½kwfEdkifiH\ c&pf,mefordkif;pOf {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;ajymMum;&mwGif ausmfMum; vlodrsm;aom oljzpfonf/ olYudk w½kwfEdkifiH\ 0ufpfpav[k ac:cJhMuonf/ *Refqkef;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;a[m&mwGif MoZmtmPmanmif;ol wefcdk;yg0gBuD;aomol q&mwpfyg;jzpfonf/ oHk;ESpfwmtwGif; olYw&m;a[mcsuftm;jzifY w½kwfEdkifiHwGif vlaygif; (100000) cefY topfaom toufwmü ajymif;vJcJhMuonf/ olonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif¤if;? uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGifvnf;aumif;? puFmylEdkifiHwGif¤if;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHESifh zdvdydkifEdkifiHwdkYüvnf; {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mcJhonf/ olonf pum;jyefESifhom w&m;a[mcJhonf/ taMumif;rSm ol\bmompum;onf vlenf;pkjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ 0dkufzD;vfuJhodkYjzpfonf/ *Refqkef;onf ola[mMum;aomw&m;pum;aMumifh ajymif;vJol wkdYESifh vufqHkaqG;aEG;cJholjzpfonf/ olonf 20 &mpkESpftwGif; ta&SUt&SwcGifwGif xGef;xGef; awmufawmuf bk&m;&Sif\qkaus;Zl;cHpm;oljzpfchJ\/ ,aeYtxd w½kwfEdkifiHESifh xdkif0rfwGif *Refqkef;pwifcJhaom omoemrsm;&SdaeqJjzpfygonf/ (T. Farak, in J .D. Douglas, Ph.D, Who’s Who in Christian History, Tyndale House, 1992 , p. 650).

a'gufwmqkef;\ tw¬KyÜwådESifhygwfoufí odu©mawmf& 0DvQHtD;pul;bwfu rSwfwrf;wif? acgiff;pD;wyfay;onfrSm? ]]igonf *Refqkef;udk owd&onf}} atmufygvdyfpmudk toHk;jyKí zwfMunfhEdkifygonf/ www.strategicpress.org odu©mawmf&q&mawmf pul;bwf\ tw¬KyÜwåd pmtkyfudk 0,fvdkygu¤if;? vdyfpmjzifh 0,f,lEdkifygonf/ vufpvD;av,mu rSwfwrf;wifxm; aom a'gufwm*Refqkef;\ tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;udk 0,f,lvdkygu ¤if;vdyfpmjzifh rSm,l Edkifygonf/ ]]wpfcsdefu aysmufqHk;oGm;aomc&D;}} [laom a'gufwm*Ref;qkef;\ aeYpOfrSwfwrf; udkvnf; ¤if;vdyfpmü 0,f,lEdkifygonf/ a'gufwmqkef;\ a&;om;aom aqmif;yg; rsm;udkvnf; ¤if;vdyfpmü rSm,lEdkifygonf/

olonf uifqma&m*gjzifh 1944 ckESpf touf 42 t&G,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhygonf/

]]vlonf þpBuF0|mudk t<uif;rJhtpdk;&í rdrdtouf0dnmOf½IH;vQif tb,faus;Zl;&Sdoenf;}} (&Sifrmuk 8;36)??

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vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif
vlwdkif;twGufa,½I? aeY&uftcsdefem&Dwdkif;twGuf a,½I&Sif

a'oemed*Hk;
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onf/www.realconversion.com ESdyfyg ]]w&m;a'oempmrl}}

You may email Dr. Hymers at rlhymersjr@sbcglobal.net, (Click Here) – or you may
write to him at P.O. Box 15308, Los Angeles, CA 90015. Or phone him at (818)352-0452.

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