bif*srifachcsfonf 1640 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/ olonf touf 15 ESpft&G,wGif toufwm topfjyKjyifajymif;vJcJhonf/topfjyKjyifajymif;vJNyD;aemufwGif a&epf jcif;r*Fvmudk cH,lcJhonf/ olonf touf 18 ESpfjynfhaomtcg pwifí w&m;a'oema[mMum; cJhonf/ 1668 ckESpf touf 28 ESpft&G,fwGif vef'efNrdKUESpfjcif;toif;awmf? oif;tkyfq&mBuD; wpfyg; jzpfvmcJh\/ xdktoif;awmfudk aemifwGif oif;tkyfq&mBuD;rsm;jzpfaom a'gufwm *Ref*D;vf eifhpD.tdyfcsfpyg*sef wdkUu OD;aqmifcJh\/ olonf pmtkyfaygif; 43 tkyf\ pma&;q&mwpfyg; jzpfNyD;? ESpfjcif;toif;awmfESifh tjcm;aomtoif;awmfwdkYü atmifjrifausmfMum;cJholjzpfonf/ or®musrf;pm\ yHkaqmifjcif;ESifh Oyrmpum;tvuFmrsm;wdkYudk a[mMum;jcif; pmtkyfonf ola&;om;orQxJu tausmfMum;qHk;aom pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfcJhygonf/ (1855 ckESpf xkwfa0jcif;udk 1972 ckESpfü jyefvnfyHkESdyfxkwfa0onf) aem{ - ]] c&pfawmfbk&m;? yHkaqmifjcif;}}? usrf;nGef;a'oem awmftwGuf uREkfyftaejzifh bif*srifachcsfudk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/ aus;Zl; jyKí a[NAJJMo0g'pm 11;7 udk rwfwwf&yfvQuf zwfMum;MuygpdkY/

]]aem{onf rjrifao;aom trlt&mwdkUudk azmfjyaom Asm'dwfawmfudk cH&NyD;rS? ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh aMumuf&THUaom pdwf&Sdí rdrdtdfoltdrfom;wdkUudk u,fwifjcif;iSm oabmFudk wnfav\/ xkdodkY,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh avuDom;wdkUudk tjypfwifí ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh ,SOfaomajzmifhrwfjcif;udkvnf; tarGcH&\/ (a[NAJ 11;7)

rdwfaqGrsm; xdkifEdkifMuygNyD/

aem{onf c&pfawmfbk&m;yHkaqmifaeonfudk jrifawGUEkdifayrnf/ taMumif;rSm c&pfawmf bk&m;ESifh aem{wdkYpyfMum;ulnD? qifwlrIrsm;pGm&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

1/ yxr? aem{onf udk,fum,ESifhqdkifaom u,fwifjcif;trIudk jyKcJholjzpfonf/

aem{onf a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;ab;rS vlom; ]]rsdK;aph}} udk ol\ ,HkMunfjcif;jzifh xdef;odrf; umuG,fcJholjzpfonf/ a&vTrf;rdk;jcif; ab;qdkufa&mufcsdefwGif?

]]ajrrsufawmfay:ü&Sdaom vljzpfap? om;jzpfap? wGm;wwfaomt&mjzpfap? rdk;aumif;uifiSufjzpfap? touf&Sifaom t&m&Sd&SdorQwdkUudk ajrBuD;ay:u y,f&Sif;awmf rlí ysufpD;aysmufuG,fjcif;odkY a&mufMuukef\/ aem{rSpí aem{ESifh twl oabmFxJü&Sdaom olwdkYom usef<uif;Muav\/ (urÇm 7;23)

aem{tm;jzifh? ol\om;oHk;a,mufESifh olwdkY\ZeD;wdkYrS vlom; ]]rsdK;aph}} udk umuG,fxdef;odf; cJhMuonf/ xdkolwdkYrdom;pkrSty usefaomvlom;wdfkYtm;vHk; a&tm;jzifh ysufpD;cJhygonf/

c&pfawmfonf aem{\ yHkaqmifjcif;\ ½kyfvHk;ay:yHkjcif; udk jynfhpHkoljzpf\/ c&pfawmfonf u,fwif&Sifjzpfonf/ 0dnmOfa&; qdkif&m urÇmBuD;wpfckvHk;\ u,fwif&Sifjzpfygonf/ aumif;uifwrefawmfu a,moyftm; rdefYawmfrl&mwGif ]]om;a,musmf;udk zGm;jrifvdrfhrnf/ xdkom;onf rdrdvlwdkUudk tjypfrS u,fcRwfrnfh oljzpfaomaMumifh a,½I[laom trnfjzifh rSnfh&rnf[k aumif;uifwrefqdk\[lí (&SifróJ 1;21) ü azmfjycJhygonf/ ]]a,½I}} [laom emrnf\ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]a,a[m0gu,fwif&Sif}} [k t"dyÜg,f&Sd\/ a,½Itm;jzifh ]]vlom;rsdK;aph}} udk u,fwifjcif;trIjyKrnfjzpfojzifh ]]rdrdvlwdkUudk tjypfrS u,fwifrnfh}} [lí aumif;uifwrefrS rdefUMum;cJhonf/ aem{rlum; ]]rdrdtdrfoltdrfom;}}udk om u,fwifjcif;trIjyKcJhonf/ (a[NAJ 11;7)

t&/ a,½Ibk&m;uomvQif? ,HkMunfjcif;jzifh wdk;0ifcsOf;uyfaom ol[lorQudk u,fwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ]]bk&m;udk rudk;uG,faom avmuDom; taygif;wdkY}} udk xm0&bk&m;onf a&tm;jzifh vTrf;rdk;zsufqD;ouJhodkY topfjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; r&Sdaomol [lorQudkvnf; i&JrD;tdkifxJodkY csypfrnfjzpfonf/ (2 ay 2;5)/

2/ 'kwd,? aem{onf ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;a[mMum;oljzpfof/

uREkfyfwdkYtm; rdefUMum;xm;ouJhodkY ]]a&SUavmu"mwfudkvnf; ESajrmawmfrrl/ ajzmifhrwfjcif; w&m;udk a[maomaem{}} [lí (2 ay 2;5) ü azmfjy\ aem{onf ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;udk a[mMum;cJhí tjypfom;rsm;tm; tjypfrS aemifw&&SdNyD;? ,HkMunfoljzpfvm&ef w&m;a[mcJhonf/ odkYygaomfvnf; aem{ tcsdefumvü vltaygif;wdkUonf aem{\ w&m;pum;udk rxDrav;pm;jyK cJhMu\/ u,fwifjcif; &&SdzdkU&ef aemifw&m;r&vdkMuyg/

]]vlom;onf <uvmaomtcg aem{vufxufüjzpfouJhodkY jzpfvdrfhrf/ a&vTrf;rdk;jcif; r&SdrSDumvü aem{onf oabmFxJodkY 0ifaomaeYwdkifatmif vlrsm;wdkYonf pm;aomufvQmuf? xdef;jrm;pHkrufvQufaeí a&vTrf;rdk;jcif; a&mufojzifh vlyfcodrf;wdkUudk okwfoifz,f&Sm;onfhwdkifatmif owdarhaeMuonf enf;wl? vlom;<uvmaomtcgü jzpfvdrfhrnf/ (róJ 24;37-39)

aem{tcsdeftcgü vlom;wdkUonf aoG;om;qdkif&m aysmfyg;rIudkom t"duxm;Muonf/ a&muf&Sd vmawmhrnf? ysufqD;jcif;aeY&uftzdkY? aem{\ owday;a[mMum;jcif;udk em;rcHvdkMuyg/ ]]a&vTrf;rdk;jcif; ab;a&mufonhfwdkifatmif olwdkUowdarhaeMu\}} taMumif;rSm a&ESifhvTrf;jr§Kyfí zsufqD;aMumif;udk xdkolwdkYonf rSwfrdcsifpdwfr&SdMu[k (2 ay 3;6) ü azmfjyxm;ygonf/ a&muf&Sd vmrnfh zsufqD;jcif;udk olwdkYonf wrifwum rSwfrdcsifpdwf r&SdMuí jzpfonf/ aemifw? oHa0* &&SdNyD; oabmFBuD;xJodkY 0ifzdkY&ef aem{ owday;a[mMum;cJhaomfvnf; xkdolwdkYonf aem{tm; t,HktMunfr&SdcJhí jzpfonf/

xdkuJhodkY ,aeYonfvnf; c&pfawmfESifhtwl jzpf\/ Ekwfuywfw&m;awmfudk Mum;emaom olawmfawmfrsm;rsm;yifvQif c&pfawmf\ w&m;pum;udk jiif;qefMuonf/ xdkUaMumihf a,½Ibk&m; onf a,½IqvifNrdKUudk Munfhí idka<u;cJh&\/ (vkum 19;4) ü azmfjyonf/ 0rf;enf;? aMuuGJpGm jzifh a,½Ibk&m; rdefYawmfrlonfrSm?

]]tdka,½IqvifNrdKU? a,½IqvifNrdKU? oifonf ya&mzufwdkUudk owfNrJ&Sd\/ oif&Sd&modkY apvTwfaom olwdkYudkvnf; ausmufcJESifh ypfNrJ&Sd\/ Muufronf rdrd om;i,fwdkUudk tawmifatmufü pk½Hk;ouJhokdY oif\ om;wdkUudk pk½Hk;apjcif;iSm Budrfzefrsm;pGm igtvdk&SdNyD/ oifrlum; tvdkr&Sd/ (róJ 23;37)

a,½Ibk&m;onf tjypfrS aemifw&&Sd&efESifh topfwzefajymif;vJzdkY vdktyfaMumif; ajymMum; cJhonf/ xkduJhodkY aem{onf oHo,uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh ]]ajzmifhrwfw&m;udk a[mMum;cJhonf/ (2 ay 2;5)/

3/ wwd,? aem{onf oabmFBuD;udk wnfaqmufcJhonf/

olonf avSwpfpif;udk wnfaqmufcJhjcif;r[kwfyg/ avSwpfpD;om qdkygu rdk;oJBuD;rJBuD;&GmoGef;aomtcg wdrf;arSmufoGm; rnfjzpfonf/ avSwpfpif;udk wnfaqmufrnfhtpm; aem{onf oabmFBuD;udk wnfaqmufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ a[NAJtm;jzifh '' tebah" udk t*Fvdyfvdk "Ark" udk oabmFMuD;[lí jyefqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;\ pum;t"dyÜg,ft&? BuD;rm;aom aowåmwpfck [kac:qdkayrnf/ a'gufwm trf.tm&f'D[rf; ajymMum;&mwGif ]]OD;pGmrSwfom;&efrSm vlom;pwifjzpfay:vmjcif;tm; xdef;odrf;umuG,fEdkif&ef oabmFBuD;udk wnfaqmufzdkY BuH&G,faom bk&m;ocif\ pdwfESvHk;om;ayrnf;}} [k ajymMum;cJh\/ 4if;onf vlom;rsm; wDxGifcJhjcif; r[kwfyg/ (trf.tm&f'D[ef; trf'D Portraits of Christ in Gereses, ZGef'gAefyHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; 1966 pm 82? 84) oabmFBuD;onf tvGefBuD;rm;aom aowåmjzpfojzihf wdrf;arSmufjcif; r&SdEdkifay/ oabmFBuD; \ tcef;tus,ft0ef;rsm; 1.4 oef;ay us,f0ef;onf/ 4if;oabmFwGif oHk;xyf&SdNyD; odk;aumif;uJhodkYaom wd&dpämeftaumif 125000 cefY qefYygonf/ bk&m;&Sifu aem{tm; rdefYawmfrlonfwGif

]]vkyf&rnf yHk[lrlum;? oabmFtvsm;tawmif oHk;&m (450 ay) teHtawmif ig;q,f (75 ay)tjrifhtawmif oHkk;q,f (450 ay) &Sd&rnf (urÇm 6;15)

aem{onf oabmFBuD;udk wnfaqmufouJhodkY c&pfawmfonfvnf; olUtoif;awmf udkwnfaqmufcJhonf/ c&pfawmfbk&m; rdefYawmfrlonfwGif

]]igqdkonum; oifonf a,w½kjzpf\/ þausmufay:wGif ightoif;udk igwnfaqmufrnf/ xkdtoif;udk r&PEdkifiH\ wHcg;wdkYonf rEdkif&m (róJ 16;18)

aem{onf oabFmBuD;wnfaqmuf&ef xm0&t&Sifbk&m;ocifrS vkyfyHkvkyfenf; tao;pdwfudk azmfjyvkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfonfvnf; xkduJhodkY vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpf\/ olUtoif;awmfwnfaqmuf&mwGif? "r®a[mif;usrf;vm ya&mzuf jyKcsufrsm;twkdif; c&pfawmfonf vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpf\/ owif;aumif;usrf; 4 usrf;ü azmfjycJhorQ c&pfawmf\ vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;onf ]] or®musrf;pawmfjrwf jynfhpHkjcif;omjzpfonf/ owif;aumif;usrf; 4 usrf;u?

]]c&pfawmfonf usrf;pmvmonfhtwdkif; igwdkYtjzpfaMumifh taocHawmfrl\ oN*dKvf NyD;rS usrf;pmvmonftwkdif; oHk;&ufajrmufaomaeYü jyef&Sifawmfrl\/ (1 aum 15;3-4)/

oabmFBuD;ü 0ifaygufwpfaygufwnf;om&Sdonf/ (urÇm 6;16) xdkUaMumifh? toif;awmfü vnf; 0ifaygufwpfaygufwnf;om &Sdygonf/ ]]igonf wHcg;0jzpf\}} (a,m 10;3) ü azmfjyxm;o uJhodkY aumif;uifbHkodkY 0ifpm;zdkU&ef c&pfawmftm;jzifh wpfvrf;wnf;om &Sdygonf/ c&pfawmfonf u,fwifjcif;zdkY rSefuefaomwHcg;0jzpfayonf/ c&pfawmfbk&m; rdefYawmfrl&mwGif? ]]igonf wHcg;0 jzpf\/ igjzifh0ifaom olonfab;ESifh uif;vTwfvQuf xGuf0ifí usufpm;&mudk awGU&vdrfhrnf/ (a,m[ef 10;9) bk&m;ocifonf tjypfi&JrS u,fwifjcif;trIudk jyKcJhNyD; taMumif;rSm c&pfawmfonf uREkfyfwdkY xm0&touf&SifzdkU&ef taocHawmfrlNyD; aojcif;rS &SifjyefxajrmufcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwdkUtpm; om;awmfa,½Ibk&m;udk uREkfyfwdkUtzdkU ukd,fpm; w&m;pD&ifapcJhNyD jzpfonf/ u,fwifjcif;tzdkUtvdkiSm bk&m;ocifonf tjcm;aomenf;vrf;rsm; jyifqifcJhNcif; r&Sday/ a,½Ibk&m;rdefYawmfrlonfum; ]] ighudk trSDrjyKvQif tb,folrQ crnf;awmfxH odkY ra&muf&[k (a,m 14;6) ü azmfjycJhonf/ oabmFxJodkY 0if&ef wHcg;onf wpfaygufwnf;om &SdouJhodkY u,fwifjcif;odkY a&mufvkdaomiSm c&pfawmftm;jzifhomvQif oif0ifpm;Edkifonf/ u,fwifjcif; cH&zdkUoifonf c&pfawmfxHokdY wdk;0ifcsOf;uyf&ygrnf/

aem{\ oabmFBuD;xJodkY 0ifa&mufaomolwdkif;onf ysufpD;jcif;rS u,fwifjcif;cH&Muonf/ odkYygaomfvnf; trsm;aomvlwdkYonf u,fwifjcif;cHzdkUudk oabmFBuD;xJodkY r0ifvdkMuacs/ c&pfawmf bk&m;ocifxHokdY wkd;0ifcsOf;uyfzdkY jiif;qefolwdkUvnf; ysufpD;jcif; cH&ayrnf/

aem{\ oabmFBuD;onf BuD;rm;aom vdIif;wHydk;½dkufcwfygaomfvnf; ab;tEÅ&m,frS umuG,fxm;EdkifcJhonf/ xddkenf;wlpGm toif;awmfonfvnf; avmurkefwdkif;rsm; ½dkufcufygaomf vnf; xdef;odrf;umuG,fqJyifjzpfonf/ a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;\ tqHk;wGif aem{onf csdK;iSufwpfaumif udk oabmFxJrS tjyifodkY apvTwfcJhojzifh 4if;csdK;iSufonf ]]Nidrf;csrf;jcif;[laom oHvGifcufudk EIwfoD;ücsDvQuf oabmFxJodkY jyef0ifvmcJhonf/ xdkt&monf oifppfrSefaom ajymif;vJjcif;cH& aomaeYwGif oifcHpm;vm&ayvdrfhrnf/ oifonf pmwefrefewf\ aoG;aqmifjzm;anmif;jcif;? pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif; cH&ayrnf? xdkt&mrsm;onf oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfuoihftm; yJhjyifqHk;r jcif;? tjypfudk azmfjyjcif;? jzpfonf/ odkYygaomfvnf; oifonf c&pfawmfa,½IxHokdY wdk;0ifcsOf; uyfvmygu bk&m;&Sif\ 0dnmOfawmfuoifhtm; Nidrfoufjcif; csrf;omudk oifhtay:odkY oGef;avmif; ygvdrfhrnf/ csmavmhwf? tDvDa,mh oDcsif;oDuHk;a&;om;ouJhodkY

b   0yifv,fvdIif;*,ufjyif;xef
ESvHk;om;xJwdkuf½dkuf? trkef;oHo,yGm;vQuf
   pdk;&drf? aMumuf&GHUjcif;rsm;xJrS
tuREkfyfvmNyD? tdk; odk;i,f? a,½I
    (1789-1871? atavmwf? tDvDa,ma&;om;aom ]]uREkfyfonf tjypfom;}} )

aus;Zl;jyKí rwfwuf&yfvQuf xdkoDcsif;udk oDqdkMuygpdkY? 4if;onf "r®oDcsif; pmtkyfpmrsufESm& ujzpfygonf/

uREfkyfonf ESvHk;om;rdkufrJvQuf
ocifhtaoG;awmf uREkfyfzdkYav
txHawmfokdY wdk;0if&ef zdwfac:ae\/
tuREkfyfvmNyD tdkokd;oli,f a,½I

uREfkyfonf udk,fawmftm; arQmfudk;jcif;r&Sd
tjypfarSmifrdkuf? uREfkyf0dnmOfu,fzdkY&m
tjypfrsm;xJu ocifhtaoG;awmfjzifh
aq;aMumrlNyD; tdkodk;oli,fa,½I

b0yifv,fvdIif;wHydk; ½dkufcufjcif;
ESvHk;om;xJ ½dkufcuf? trkef;oHo,yGm;
pdk;&drfaMumuf&GHUjcif;rsm;xJrS
tuREkfyfvmNyD? tdk;odk;oli,f a,½I

uREfkfyfonf armyef;tm;enf;vQuf
oem;jcif;? *½kPmawmf uREkfyfcH&
taMumif;rSm uwdawmfudk udk;pm;í
uREfkyfvmNyD? tkdokd;oli,fa,½I
     (1789 - 1871? &SmavmhtDvda,mh oDuHk;aom ]]uREkfyfonftjypfom;}})

a'oemed*Hk;
a'gufwmtdkifrm\ w&m;a'oemudk tifwufeufpmrsufESm tywfwdkif; zwf½IEdkif
onf/www.realconversion.com ESdyfyg ]]w&m;a'oempmrl}}

You may email Dr. Hymers at rlhymersjr@sbcglobal.net, (Click Here) –
or you may write to him at P.O. Box 15308, Los Angeles, CA 90015.
Or phone him at (818)352-0452.

w&m;a'oemawmf rwkdifcif? a'gufwm c&dwfweft,fcsefrS &SifróJ 24;32-39 udkzwfMum;ay;onf/
w&m;a'oemawmfrwdkifcif rpöwm bif*srifcifudwf*&dzufpf rS
     (1819- 1904? 0DvsHpvdbm a&;om;oDuHk;aom ]]a,½IuREfkyfvmNyD}} "r®oDcsif; usL;ay;onf/